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\title{Intermittent Systems at Small Scale: Execution Model and Design Guidelines \\
\thanks{This work was supported by IITP grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2021-0-00360, Development of Core Technology for Autonomous Energy-driven Computing System SW in Power-instable Environment).}
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\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Youngbin Kim and Yoojin Lim}
\IEEEauthorblockA{yb.kim@etri.re.kr, yoojin.lim@etri.re.kr \\
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
}
}

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\begin{abstract}
    Intermittent systems enable the execution of long-running tasks in environment with frequent power failures.
    When designing such systems, software designers rely on execution models that abstract operations in hardware and describe how intermittent systems function.  
    However, as recent techniques explore very short operation times with smaller energy storages, traditional models no longer provide precise abstractions of the real hardware behavior.
    In this paper, we propose a detailed execution model that considers buffering effects of system's inherent energy storage components.
    Our evaluation shows that intermittent systems designed without accounting for these effects can be up to 4.99x less power efficient and may lead to unsafe checkpoint execution.
    Furthermore, our design guidelines improve end-to-end latency of applications in dynamic and static checkpoint techniques by 2.86x and 3.04x, respectively, without incurring any extra overhead. 
\end{abstract}

\begin{IEEEkeywords}
Intermittent Computing, Batteryless System.
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