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\title{Intermittent Systems at Small Scale: Execution Model and Design Guidelines \\
\thanks{This work was supported by IITP grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2021-0-00360, Development of Core Technology for Autonomous Energy-driven Computing System SW in Power-instable Environment).}
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\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Youngbin Kim and Yoojin Lim}
\IEEEauthorblockA{yb.kim@etri.re.kr, yoojin.lim@etri.re.kr \\
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
}
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\begin{abstract}
    Intermittent systems execute long-running tasks in environments with frequent power failures, using small capacitors as energy storages.
    Software designers rely on execution models that abstract hardware-level operations and describe how intermittent systems work.  
    % When designing such systems, software designers rely on execution models that abstract operations at the hardware level and describe how intermittent systems work.  
    However, as recent techniques target very short operation times with smaller energy storages, traditional models are failing to provide precise abstractions of the actual behavior.
    In this paper, we propose a more accurate execution model that accounts for the buffering effects of a system's inherent capacitance, which is a major source of inconsistency in traditional models.
    Our evaluation shows that systems designed upon the traditional model can be up to 5.62x less power efficient than expected and may lead to unsafe checkpoint execution.
    Additionally, based on our model, we present design guidelines for small-scale intermittent systems, which improve the end-to-end latency of applications by 2.85x in dynamic and 3.04x in static checkpoint schemes, without any extra overhead. 
\end{abstract}

\begin{IEEEkeywords}
Intermittent Computing, Batteryless System.
\end{IEEEkeywords}

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